A coupon code SAVE20 is stored in the database. A user enters SAVE20 (trailing space). The system performs direct string equality. What is the result?

• Accepted — most relational databases auto-strip trailing spaces in VARCHAR equality checks by default
• Rejected, but the error incorrectly says the code does not exist rather than flagging the extra space
• Rejected — the trailing space is included in the bytes, so the equality check fails to match
• Accepted — the system auto-trims the submitted value before comparison, so it passes transparently

A search endpoint returns zero results for "Berlin" even though the database contains that city. No errors logged. What should the tester check first?

• Whether input was URL-decoded with + as space, or whether the stored value was inserted with extra whitespace
• Whether the database collation uses binary mode preventing case-insensitive matching for German chars
• Whether the search paginates results and the matching row appears on a later page of the results
• Whether the session expired mid-request so the endpoint silently returned empty instead of a 401

An API stores " Paris " (with spaces) as a grouping key. After weeks the dashboard shows both "Paris" and " Paris " as separate cities. What caused this?

• The API normalised inconsistently between write and read endpoints, producing two stored forms
• The DB schema allows NULL which the analytics engine converts to the string " Paris " in some cases
• The ingestion path stored the raw padded value, so padded and unpadded entries group as distinct keys
• The analytics CSV export step treats leading spaces as column delimiters, creating phantom columns

A tester wants to verify that whitespace does NOT break an exact-match filter. Which boundary values are most important?

• An empty string and a 500-character random string to cover the full practical input range
• Only the valid trimmed value and a version with one leading space at the start of the string
• Strings of maximum length with and without a trailing newline character appended at the end
• The canonical trimmed value, the value with a leading space, trailing space, and an internal space